Building reconstruction



\ Aug. 28, 1934. G. CAVAGLIERI BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION sheets-sheet 1Filed Sept. 6, 1935 Attorney Aug. Q89 1934. G. CAVAGLHERI BUILDINGRECONSTRUCTION Filed Sept. 6, 1953 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Invenor f GiuseppeCavaglieri.

Aug. 28, 1934. G. cAvAGLlr-:Rl 1,97l33 BUILDING REcoNsTRUcTIoN Filedsept. 6, 1935 4 sheets-sheet '5 I 'I K /Zgl5 /7 Inventor' GiuseppeCaz/'aglb'eri /f A ttormy.

Aug. 28, 1934. G. cAvAGLlr-:Rl

BUILDING RECON-STRUCTION Filed Sept. 6, 1935 4'Sheets-Sheet 4 Inventorgiuseppe avagglz'eri,

fornezy.

Patented Aug. 28, 1934 PATENT OFFICE BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION` GiuseppeCavaglieri, LosAngeles, Calif., assignor to Grace F. Marquis, LosAngeles, Calif.

vApplication September 6, 1933, Serial No. 688,319

13 Claims.

This invention relates generally to reconstruction and repair ofbuildings, but more particularly to the repairing and strengthening ofbuildings damaged by earthquake shocks. In many buildings so damaged,there remains at least a large portion of the wall structure and theelements carried thereby, such as the floors and roof. The bearingwallsjhave become so weakened, however, that they might collapsefollowing a relatively small shock and the building is rendered unfitfor further human habitation even though the walls have been actuallydestroyed in but relatively small areas. The question presented isbetween reconstruction and replacement of the damaged buildings.Replacement involves wrecking the old structure and losing the value ofa considerable amount of still serviceable building material inadditionto the cost of the new building. Thus it is frequently lesscostly to repair the damaged structure than to rebuild anew, sincerepairing may salvage much of the original structure, includinglighting, heating, and plumbing fixtures, interior decoration and thelike, and other equipment.

Another factor to be taken into consideration is that in communitieswhere'vearthquake hazard is known to exist, the building codes havegener-v ally become much more stringent than in the past, and repairwork must meetthe same requirements as new construction as to strength,type of materials, construction details, iireproofing, etc. l

It thus becomes a general object of my invention to devise an economicalmethod of repairing damaged buildings, that is in itself inexpensive,that does not require fundamental alteration of the original structure,and that permits the full use of all existing structure and fixturesthat are undamaged, thus saving replacement costs on these items as faras possible.'

Another object is to provide a reconditioned structure of calculablestrength that may be made as strong as required by building codes. Thiswill result in many cases in a building of greater strength than theoriginal one, as the repaired structure may now be designed to withstandhorizontal loads as well as increased vertical loads. In order that thecompleted structure have actually its designed strength, it is desirablethat the original walls, now of questionable strength, be reouired tocarry as little of the total loads as possible, and the new, soundstructure be relied upon to carry substantially all of the live and deadloads.

A further object of the invention is to provide a safe structure. Thiscondition requires that there be no danger from falling objects such asloosened ornaments, cast stone trim', brick walls, and any other objectsnot adequately secured to the main structure, in this case the newstructure. This will require elimination of certain decorative features,and the bonding together of the old and new elements to act as a unit.As an additional contribution to safety, the building materials arepreferably of a reproof nature.

These and other objects are attained in a building repaired andstrengthened inaccord with my invention, by erecting a new bearing wallagainst the outside of the old original bearing wall, tying the twowalls securely together, and providing the new wall withprojections'embedded in the old wall which are located at selectedplaces either to take directly the loads before imposed on the old wall,or to transfer the loads in the old wall to the new one. Theseprojections are of such number as to each only take a relatively smallload, and are so placed that no section of any large extent of the oldwall is loaded, but the loads are carried to the footings chiefly by newstructure and not the old. The main function of the old wall is now tocarry interior decorating, pipes, electric wires, and other fixturesalready attached to or placed within the wall. While the bearing wallsare designed to resistlongitudinal and horizontal forces, additionalrigidity and stability is given to the building by tying togetheropposite bearing walls by means of anchors embedded in the new wallstructure.

Inasmuch as my invention is particularly adapted to structures supportedby exterior bearing walls, I have shown and described my inventionmainly in this aspect but it will be realized that the application of myimproved 'reconstruction system need not be limited to exterior bearingwalls, nor to structures in which all of the loads are carried uponbearing walls, but is applicable to any bearing walleither interior orexterior.

Structures of the bearing wall type are generally of masonryconstruction, and because of the wide prevalence of brick as a buildingmaterial, I have shown my original structure to be of brick masonry, butmy invention may be applied to other materials than illustrated. Also, Ihave shown the new construction to be of cement concrete because of theparticular adaptability of this substance to reconstruction work, but itwillbe realized that the applicationof my invention is independent ofthe building materials used.

Without further preliminary discussion, it will be more readilyunderstood. from the following description how the above and otherobjects and advantages of my invention are attained. Throughout thefollowing description of a typical preferred embodiment of my invention,reference is had to the following drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a side elevation of a building reconstructed according to myinvention;

Fig.` 2 is a plan view of the first floor of the building on line 2 2 ofFig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a broken vertical section of an exterior bearing wall on line3 3 of Fig. 2; d

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary vertical section on line 4 4 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 5 is a broken vertical section of a bearing wall illustratingvariational forms of construction details;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary horizontal section of a corner of thebuilding showing placement of the reenforcing steel; v

Fig. '7 is a view similar to Fig. 6 but showing a variationalarrangement of reenforcing steel;

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary vertical section of an interior bearing wall andfooting on line 8 8 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 9 is a fragmentary vertical section on line 9 9 of Fig. 1;

Fig. l0 is a fragmentary vertical section of an exterior bearing walland footing 'showing variational forms of construction details;Y andFig. 11 is a fragmentary vertical section of a variational form offooting in which the original wall is undercut.

The building shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is a typical brick building,partially one story and partially two story, with exterior and interiorbearing walls, and is intended to illustrate some of the typicalconditions that may be encountered in reconstruction work and thepreferred treatment for the several conditions. Fig. 2 illustratesgenerally how the original building is surrounded or encased in a shellof new concrete. These new yconcrete bearing walls are tied together andto the old original brick wall so that the whole coacts as a unit.

The concrete walls are designed to be of sufficient strength towithstand the horizontal and vertical loads imposed upon them as bearingwalls, and are provided with projections extending into the originalbrick structure in order to transmit to the concrete the loads formerlycarried by the original walls, all in a manner that will be explained.It is felt the invention will be best understood by first discussing indetail several of the construction features and then considering thegeneral application of the several features to the plan as a whole.

Fig. 3 illustrates a typical footing 10 supporting an exterior brickwall 11, and against the exterior of which has been formed the newconcrete wall 14 having a footing portion 14a. As an aid in tying thetwo footings together to act as a unit, lportions of the old one are cutaway to form a shelf l5 having a horizontal surface upon which footing14a bears (see also Fig. 4). The length of this shelf parallel to thewall may vary according to conditions; it may either extend the entirelength of the wall, or may be divided into several sections separated byintervals of the original footing. Anchors 16 and 17 are securely set inthe' original foundation, and then the exposed ends are subsequentlyembedded in the new wall, the anchors being supplied at suitableintervals determined by the loads carried.' In this manner the twofootings are tied together to prevent relative settling of the newstructure and to distribute the entire load over both footings l0 and14a.

Concrete walls 14 are provided at both the inner and outer faces withreenforcing steel, shown by vertical and horizontal bars 20 and 21,respectively, placed according to the dictates of good design and givingto the wall rigidity to resist the horizontal forces set by buildingcodes. Use may be made of these reenforcing bars to hook over them theends of the wall anchors. Thus anchor 16 is so placed as to pass arounda horizontal bar 21, although the anchors may be only turned up at theirends, as is anchor 17, in order to develop a sufficient bond between thenew and the old work.

As indicated by bars 23a and 23h in Fig. 1, the reenforcing bars may beinclined oppositely to the vertical to extend diagonally to the wallface. This produces a Wall particularly resistant to a combination ofloadings as often occurs during an earthquake.

As a further means for tying the walls together to form a rigid unit,the tie rods 24 (Figs. 2 and 3) extend between opposite walls 14 and mayconveniently be placed underneath the floor and between oor joists 25.The ends of a tie rod 24 are preferably provided with a plate 26 inorder to securely embed the end of .the tie rod in the concrete wall. y

While it is the general purpose of the new wall structure to relieve theold of vertical loads so that no large extent of the old brickwork isheavily loaded, yet the iioor joists 25 of the first floor are ingeneral so close to the foundation that the original brick may be safelyused to carry their loads directly to foundation l0 as is illustratedFig. 3. However, at horizontal intervals of about 5 or 6 feet the joistsare connected to the wall by means of joist anchors, see Fig. 10, and itis desirable that these anchors be securely affixed to the new concretestructure. This is accomplished by shoring up joist 25 to carry its loadtemporarily while the bricks are removed from wall 11, from a pointapproximately even with the top of the joist down to the top of footing10 and for a horizontal extent of any convenient length, say equal tothe spacing between joists;

and this space is then filled with a block of concrete 30 which forms asupport for the joist and securely embeds anchor 28 therein. This block30 is subsequently joined monolithically with wall 14 so as to become apart thereof, a random length of reenforcing steel 31 being vembedded inblock 30 and Wall 14 to make the joint more secure, so that anchor 28 isnow attached to the new bearing wall. It will be evident that similartreatment at each end of the joist provides between opposite walls 14 atie comprising joist 25 and the two anchors 28.

Walls 11 and 14 are tied together at frequent intervals by means of somesuch anchor as 32 (Fig. 3) which is firmly set in a hole hollowed out inthe brick work leaving one end exposed to become subsequently embeddedin the concrete Work placed against the old brick. In order to preservethe interior finish it is desirable that the anchors be set in the wallfrom the outside as illustrated at 32, particularly wherethe surroundingbrick work is still reasonably firm.

Where, however, the brick work has become shattered, and in which casethe interior finish is undoubtedly damaged, it becomes preferable to usean anchor 34 (Fig. 3) which has a plate 35 llel LLA

on its inner end, held in place by a nut. Plate 35 may be ofadequate-size to hold securely the loosened brick against the-newconcrete wall. The plate is covered with mortar leveled to the face ofthe brick work and the interior decoration is then replaced.

Brick buildings are frequently provided with cast stone trim about doorand window openings, a feature that has been discovered to be quiteundesirable. In an earthquake of even moderate intensity this cast stonetrim is very liable to become loosened and in falling constitutes asource of grave danger to persons outside the building. I thereforeremove all this trim about the door and window openings and ll the spaceso occupied with concrete which is joined mono-l lithically to the wall.'Iypical placement of concrete at a window head 37 and sill 37a isillustrated in Fig. 3, while conditions at the4 jamb are indicated inFig. 2 where the concrete is returned at 33 to the window frame, thusgiving a deep reveal. Where necessary or desirable, the concrete mayextend clear through the wall to the interior trim, as indicated at thehead of the window in Fig. 3 where the concrete has been reenforced withadditional steel bars 36 so as to 1 aid the lintel angle in carrying theload across the y or more ,joists may be so selected if desired. As

with joist 25, joists 38 are temporarily shored up while an opening isvmade in wall 11. This opening is later filled with a block of concrete40 monolithic' with wall 14 and forming a ledge projecting inwardly fromthe inner face thereof to be a support for joist 38. This projectingledge has a substantially horizontal upper surface vupon which the joistrests so that the load is transmitted directly to the wall 14 Withoutpassing through any of the brick work. In this case the brick is brokenaway to allow an extension 41 to be fastened at one end to anchor 28 andthe other end embedded in the new concrete so thaty any pull on theanchor is resisted by the new wall. A short length of reenforcing steel42 is bent to pass into ledge 40.

A variational form of projecting ledge is illustrated in Fig. 5, where ablock of concrete 44 has been formed in the brick wall to receiye joist38. As described in connection with Fig. 10, the vertical dimension ofblock 44 is such as to embed the end of joist 38 within the block ratherthan to support the joist upon its upper surface. Under thesecircumstances, a suflicient amount of brick work has been removed sothat the end of joist anchor 28 is available to be embedded within block44 and no extension on the joist anchor is needed. However, if desired,the reenforcing bar 45 passing into the projecting ledge may be wrappedaround the inner end of the joist anchor as illustrated in the figure.

Another type of load receiving projection on the inner side of wall 14is illustrated in Fig. 3 by block 47, which is shown in plan in Fig. 6.Block 47 extends into wall 11 to any convenient point, about midwayofthewall, and forms a ledge adapted to receive the weight ofthesuperincumbent brick together with any concentrated load imposed uponthe brick vertically above the ledge and to transmit such load toconcrete wall 14. A projection may have any longitudinal horizontaldimension desired depending upon the location of the ledge in the walland upon the load it is intended to carry. Projection 47 is providedwith reenforcing steel which may be arranged in any suitable way,variational forms of arrangement being illustrated in Figs. 3, 6 and 7.While the top, bottom, and end surfaces of the ledge may be formed atright angles to the inner face of wall 14, yet it is preferred that theybe oblique thereto so that the ledge dovetails into the brick wall andthereby additionally serves to anchor the two walls together againstrelative, horizontal movement.

While projecting portion 47 of the concrete wall differs somewhat inshape from projecting portions 30', 40, and-44 previously described assupporting the various floor joists, yet it will be observed that allthese projecting portions or ledges perform the same general function,i. e., they receive superincumbent loads and transmit said loads to theconcrete wall 14, and are all load receiving projections or ledges astermed herein. The location and function of the various projections willdetermine their size and shape, thus when it is desired to support thevarious floor joists, the supporting ledges must be of a shape and sizeto extend clear through wall 11 to reach the j oist.

Fig. 3 illustrates a method of supporting roof and ceiling joists wherethe roof is sloped as illustrated in'Fig. 1. InV this case the brick atthe top of the wall is removed so that wall 14 is formed with aprojection 50 fitting up under the joists 51 and the eaves of the roofin order to embed in the wall joist anchor 52. IIn this manner the roofis supported on the top of the wall, and the wall is tied across its topto the opposite wall to brace it against transverse movement.

One of the first steps in reconstruction work is the preparation ofopenings in the original wall to receive the load receiving projectionsof the new concrete wall. Although other satisfactory arrangements ofthe load bearing projections may be devised, having proportionately agreater or smaller number of ledges and differentl relative placements,ythe arrangement herein described and illustrated may be consideredtypical. Among the locations most suitable for the ledges, are thepoints of application of concentrated loads to the brick wall such asoccur in connection with the supporting of floor joists, roof trusses,and the like. Referring to Fig. 1, it will be seen that a selection ofcertain of said points results in a horizontal row of ledges 30preferably placed at the ends of those joists having anchors, -for thereasons described, through any other suitable interval between ledgesmay be selected. However, it is preferred that the ledges be not tooclose together, for sufficient of the original brick work must be leftto carry the loads of the original structure during the reconstructionwork.

Another point of concentrated loading occurs at the bottom of the posts54 between Windows, see Fig. l, and it-is preferable that a ledge 55 beformed beneath each of these individual posts in the manner illustratedin Fig. 9. In accordance with this same principle, there will be a rowof ledges 40 which receive certain of the loads of .the second floorjoists. In this manner the After locating the ledges carryingconcentrated loads, as mentioned, there are selected positions forledges of the type illustrated at 4'7 in Fig. 3. These latter ledgescarry the weight of the superincumbent brick work together with anyloads on points directly above; and preferably are not located invertical rows but are slightly staggered, so as to be more uniform intheir action and more effective in transmitting a larger proportion ofthe load to the new bearing wall. The exact number and locations ofledges 47 depend upon the conditions existing in any given structure,though a typical arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. The maximum loadtransference will occur when any vertical line in the wall will passthrough one or more ledges. i

Although the several ledges embedded in the old wall will have a certaineffect in tying the two walls together, particularly if the ledges aremade with inclined faces as mentioned in connection with ledges 47 inFig. 3, it is preferred to provide several anchors 32 spaced atintervals throughout the wall. Whether anchors 32 are sufficient, oranchors 34 are required, and the spacing between anchors, are matters ofdetail to be determined by the strength and rigidity of any given wall.The purpose of these anchors is to tie the brick work to the concretewall at small intervals so that there will not be any large expanses ofbrick work which might shake loose in even a minor earthquake. Theseanchors, as Well as tie rods 24 extending through the building betweenopposite walls, are all placed before pouring of the new concrete wallso that their exposed ends may be embedded in the new wall. Beforeerecting the new bearing wall, the old brick work is cleaned of anyplaster, ornaments, or other objects which might interfere with th'ebond between the concrete and the brick. Also, it has been founddesirable to cover the brick work with a priming or bonding coat ofdense cement which may be conveniently applied by means of the Guniteprocess, a method well known in the trade, although any other method maybe used. The advantages derived from such a dense priming coat aretwo-fold; first, the priming coat adheres firmly to the brick work andalso to the subsequently poured concrete so as to forma good bondbetween the two walls; and second, the priming coat prevents theabsorption by the brick of moisture from the wet concrete, whichabsorption prevents proper setting of the concrete. \However, if thebrick is first thoroughly soaked with water, the priming coat may beomitted, and the concrete is poured in direct contact with thebrickwork. Adequate wetting of the brick allows the concrete to setproperly and to bond satisfactorily with the old work.

Under certain circumstances it will be quite satisfactory to place theforms, pour the con-y crete, and rely upon tamping of the freshly placedmix to ll the prepared openings for the ledges. The forms will then beraised progressively as the concrete is poured so that opportunity maybe had for such tamping, as it is necessary that the openings in the oldwall be completely filled in order to secure good load transferringcontact between the old work and the new. In general, however, it ispreferred to build up the individual ledges by hand or by severalapplications of Gunite" material so that all the openings in the wallare filled approximately flush with the wall face before the concreteforms are erected. The pouring of the wall then follows so closely uponthe formation of the ledge that a strongbond is secured, and the severalledges become just as much a monolithic, integral portion of the wall asif they had been poured simultaneously with it.

Forming the ledges independently has several advantages. The concrete,being forced into the prepared opening, adheres very well to the brickwork and penetrates all the'crevices, assuring that the completed ledgeentirely lls the opening in the brick wall. When applied with an airgun, the force of placing the concrete produces a dense material havingsomewhat greater strength than concrete placed with the ordinarymethods. A construction advantage is had in that where several ledgesare to be placed close together, such as ledges under window posts 54,so that the brick is materially weakened if all the openings are madesimultaneously, alternate openings may be made in the brick and thenfilled with concrete so that the wall is restored to its normal loadcarrying capacity before the balance of the openings are made andsubsequently filled. In this manner the ledges may be placed closer toone another without endangering the strength during the repair work, soconsequently a somewhat greater latitude is allowed in choosing suitablepositions for the ledges.

In addition to the construction details discussed above, there are otherfeatures or variations on the foregoing that will be readily understoodfrom the preceding discussion.

Fig. 4 illustrates how a wall maybe poured in behind concrete steps.Steps 58 are provided with a landing platform 59 having at the innerlend a bearing face 60 that formerly rested on top of footing 10, theinner vertical face of platform 59 meeting the vertical end surface offloor slab 61. To permit'the reconstruction, steps 58 are removed fromtheir former position by being moved horizontally away'from the wall.Wall 14 fills in the space at the end of oor slab 61 and above footing10 formerly occupied by platform 59, and is now provided with a nichehaving a bearing shelf adapted to receive surface 60 and the inner endof platform 59 in the same manner in which it was previously supported.The stairs may now be moved against the new wall to vbe supportedthereby.

Fig. 6 illustrates a method of reenforcing a corner of the building. Anangle iron 64 is laid with its legs parallel to the sides of thebuildirfg at the corner of the original brick wall and in such Aa manneras to bear thereagainst throughout its entire length. Reenforcing bars21 at the inner surface of wall 14 are then bent around the backof theangle and hooked at their ends over the farther leg of the angle asindicated, to be held firmly in place. Any strain upon a reenforcing baris communicated to the angle which bears against the original brickwork, but because of the large area of contact the brick will not crush;whereas were the same force applied only over the area of the singlereenforcing bar, the brick work would crush thus allowing the bar toslip. A similar arrangement might be used at the outer corner of wall 14for horizontal bars at the outer face of the wall, but since theconcrete against which they press is relatively stronger than the brickwork, it is sufficient to merely place a single vertical l l l`1,971,331 bar at the corner ofthe wall around whichv is illustrated inFig. 8. Wall 66 of brick is supported on concrete footing 67 which alsocarries concrete floor slab 61.. As before, a shelf or shelves 15 areformed on the footing and anchors 1'7 are set in place, then a newconcrete footing is formed against the old one, the footing extendingupwardly to form a new bearingv wall '70. In place of the horizontalwall-tie 16, there is-used a diagonally disposed reenforcing bar 7l toreenforce and tie together the two footings. footing 69 extends abovethe ground surface in order to form a shelf at. the ltop of the footingadapted to receive floor joist 25 to support the flooring; althoughwhere the footing is on the exterior wall and so exposed, it isdesirable that the inclined face extend upwardly only to the grade lineas indicated in Figs. 3 and 4. The wooden flooring is held against thewall by means of an anchor 73 one end of which is buried in the newconcrete and the other end of which, after spanning two or three oorjoists, is hooked over a floor joist at 73a.

In general, the application of my invention to an interior bearing wallinvolves no departure from the principles explained in connection withan exterior bearing wall; and the new structure may be placed on eitherside of the old structure, the location being determined by theparticular conditions of the job. In any event,

all interior decoration along one face of the wall must be replaced.

An extension of the load receiving ledges results in a continuous ledgeor beam as at 75 in Figs. 1 and 5. Such a'beam has several appli- 4cations; it may be used in a relatively thick blank wall where it ispossible to run a continuous member along'one or more sides of thestructure to form a unitary tie between walls and to give a lateralrigidity to the concrete wall; or the beam may also be used where thereare relatively large concentrated loads applied as by roof trusses 76,the beam then distributing the load evenly over a relatively largeportion of the new bearing wall; The one beam may provide distributionof vertical loads, and resistance tohorizontal earthquake forces.

A typical construction in a flat roof building with aparapet wall isillustrated at the top of Fig. 5. The wall is provided with ledge '77similar in construction to the ledge 44, for supporting the ceilingjoist 78 and receiving the anchors 78a on those joists. The wall thenextends upwardly to form a parapet around the flat roof and is thickenedat 79 to the combined dimension The exterior inclined face 69 of therthe wall to any desired height. Where the wall is quite long and is notsupported on the interior by partition or bearing walls intermediate theend walls of the building, the exterior wall may be reenforced by meansof the buttress against lateral movementand so made materially strongerthan it was before.

A variational form of footing is illustrated in Fig. 11. The originalstructure is undercut to form an opening to receive footing 14o beneaththe original wall, the footing 14C being an integral part of the newwall. This undercutting may remove all or a part of the old foundation.and is shown in Fig. 1l as removing all of footing 10 so as to supportwall 11 directly. The length of the footing parallel to the wall mayvary to suit conditions; but in any case the new footing will be formedin short sections leaving the wall supported by footing 10 while footing14e is being placed. The intervening sections of footing 10 may be leftin place or subsequently replaced with new concrete as desired. Thewidth of footing 14e perpendicular to the wall may be any desireddistance; but the footing preferably extends inwardly such a distancethat the loading is not eccentric on the footing base.

If a first floor joist is supported as in Fig. 10 above footing 14e, theblock 30 may be poured with the footing which then,vn effect, extendsupwardly to the joist. l

From the foregoing it will be evident how` masonry structures that areinherently unableto withstand horizontal forces of the magnitude set upby earthquakes, can be enclosed in a shell of reinforced concrete ableto provide the necessary horizontal strength. Furthermore, the concretestructure may be designed to any required strength by -fusing horizontalbeams, enlarged footings, buttresses, and so forth, to greatlystrengthen the building against horizontal forces; and the new and oldwork may be so joined as to insure the safety of the reconditionedbuild-I ings, since the full designed strength of the new concrete isutilized. Regardless of any irregularities in the shape or mass of theoriginal building, it may be so tied together and strengthened, withoutrelying on the original and now weakened walls, as to securely resistany tension, compression, torsion, or combination stresses imposed byearthquake-all without any extension or changes in the previouslyerected walls.

It will also be readily apparent that the invention may be applied tostructures having discontinuous wall footings for it provides means fortying together detached wall .bearing portions.

Although all cast stone trim and attached ornaments have been removedfrom the brick wall, the new concrete wall may be decorated in anysuitable manner without affixing thereto any separate objects which arein danger of being shakenl loose. The concrete forms may be pro- -videdwith moulds to gure or'contour the concrete in any desired form or shapearound doors,

Having illustrated a typical embodiment ofl my invention by describingvarious construction .details as applied to a typical building, it is tobe understood that various changes in design,

materials, and methods of construction, may be made by those skilled inthe art without departing from the principles of my invention; and,therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is tobe considered illustrative of rather than restrictive on the broaderclaims appended hereto.

I claim:

1. A wall structure comprising an original bearing wall, a footing forsaid wall having portions removed to form ledges, a new bearing wallformed, with its own footing, supercially against the original wall andits footing, the footing for the new wall resting in part on saidledges, and anchors tying said footings together against relativemovement.

2. A structure comprising an original bearing wall, a joist originallysupported by said wall, a new bearing Wall formed against said originalwall, a joist anchor attached at one end to the joist, a' componentalledge portion projecting from the newly formed wall and into theoriginal wall, said joist being -supported on said ledge, and a joistanchor extension attached to the joist anchor and embedded in the newwall.

V3. A building structure comprising original Walls meeting at a corner,an angle iron placed over and in contact with the corner with its legsparallel to the walls, new reinforced concrete walls erected againstsaid original walls, and horizontally extending reinforcing bars in theconcrete walls, the ends of the bars being bentaround the back of theangle and hooked ove1` one leg to anchor the bars against movement.

4. A wall structure comprising an original bearing wall, an originalfooting for said Wall, a new footing parallel to the original footingand extending beneath the original bearing wall for at least a portionof its length to replace the original footing, and a new bearing wallformed against lthe original wall and resting on the new footing.

5. A structure comprising an original bearing wall, a joist originallysupported by said wall, a new bearing wal-l formed against said originalwall, a joist supporting projection componental of the new wallextending into the original wall and under the joist, and a joist anchorattached v to the joist and anchored in the new wall.

`6. A structure comprising an original bearing Wall, a joist originallysupported by said wall, a

new bearing wall formed against said original' wall, a joist supportingprojection componental of the new wall extending into the original walland under the joist and forming an end thrust surface against which theend of the joist bears, and a joist anchor attached to the joist andanchored in the new wall.

7. A building structure comprising original exterior bearing walls,joists originallyj supported at their ends bf said original walls, newbearing walls formed outside and against the original walls, joistsupporting and thrust projections formed as components of the new wall,extending into the original wall, and affording supportl and end thrustbearing for the joists. y j

8. A building structure comprising original exterior bearing walls,joists 'originally supported at their ends by said original walls, newbearing Walls formed outside and against the original walls, joistsupporting and thrust projections formed as components of the new wall,extending into the original wall, and aording support and end thrustbearing for the joists, and joist anchors attached. to the joists andanchored in the new wall.

9. A building structure comprising original exterior bearing walls,joists originally supported at their ends by said original walls, newbearing walls formed outside and against the original walls, joistsupporting and thrust projections formed as components of the new wall,extending into the original wall, and affording support and end thrustbearing for the joists, and tie rods extending through the building inthe direction of the joists and anchored in opposite new wall structure.

10. A building structure comprising original walls meeting at a corner,an angle iron placed over and in Contact with the corner, new reinforcedconcrete walls erected against the original walls and around the corner,and horizontally extending reinforcing bars embedded in the concrete ofthe new walls and around the corner and bearing against the angle iron.

1l. A wall structure comprising an original wall with an openingtherein, a new bearing wall formed with'a footing against the originalwall and its footing, and an opening framingprojection componental ofthe new wall projecting into the original wall and surrounding theopening in the original wall.

l2. A wall structure comprising, an original bearing wall and footing,av single new bearing wall and a new footing lying directly beneath thenew wall, the new wall and footing bearing laterally in face to facecontact with the original Wall and footing, and ties securing the twowalls laterally together at spaced points over substantially theirentire faces of Contact.

13. A wall structure comprising, an original bearing wall and footing,asingle new bearing wall and a new footing lying directly beneath thenew wall, the` new wall and footing bearing laterally in face to facecontact with the original wall and footing, and projections componentalof the new wall spaced over its contact face and projecting into andengaging the original wall to take load and horizontal thrust therefrom.

